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Child neglect is a form of child maltreatment, a deficit in meeting a child's basic needs including the failure to provide basic physical, health care, supervision, nutrition, emotional, education and/or safe housing needs. Society generally believes there are necessary behaviors a caregiver must provide a child in order for the child to develop physically, socially, and emotionally. Causes of neglect may be from any of several parenting problems including mental health, substance use, domestic violence, unemployment, unplanned pregnancy, single parenting, and poverty. Child neglect depends on how a child and society perceives the parents’ behavior; it is not how the parent believes they are behaving towards their child.〔Barnett et al., p. 84〕 Parental failure to provide when options are available is different from failure to provide when options are not available. Poverty is often an issue and leads parents to not being able to provide. The circumstances and intentionality must be examined before defining behavior as neglectful. Child neglect is the most frequent type of abuse of children, with children that are born to young mothers at a substantial risk for neglect. In 2008, the U.S. state and local child protective services received 3.3 million reports of children being abused or neglected. Seventy-one percent of the children were classified as victims of child neglect ("Child Abuse & Neglect"). Maltreated children/youth were about five times more likely to have a first emergency department presentation for suicide-related behavior compared to their peers, in both boys and girls. Children/youth permanently removed from their parental home because of substantiated child maltreatment are at an increased risk of a first presentation to the emergency department for suicide-related behavior. Neglected children are at risk of developing lifelong social, emotional and health problems, particularly if neglected before the age of two years. ==Definition== Neglect is notoriously difficult to define as there are no clear, cross-cultural standards for desirable or minimally adequate child-rearing practices.〔Gaudin, J M (1999) ''Child Neglect: Short-term and Long-term Outcomes''. In H Dubowitz (ed) Neglected Children: Research, Practice and Policy. Thousand Oaks: Sage.〕 Research shows that neglect often coexists with other forms of abuse and adversity.〔Daniel, B (2005) ''Introduction to Issues for Health and Social Care in Neglect''. In J Taylor & B Daniel (eds) Child Neglect: Practice Issues for Health and Social Care (11-25). London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.〕〔Claussen, A & Cicchetti, P (1991) ''Physical and Psychological Maltreatment: Relations among Types of Maltreatment''. Child Abuse and Neglect 15: 5-18.〕 While neglect generally refers to the absence of parental care and the chronic failure to meet children's basic needs, defining those needs has not been straightforward. In "Working Together", the Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)〔Department for Education and Skills (2006) Working Together to Safeguard Children: a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. London: DfES.〕 defined neglect in 2006 as: ..the persistent failure to meet a child's basic physical and/or psychological needs, likely to result in the serious impairment of the child's health or development. Neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse. Once a child is born, neglect may involve a parent or carer failing to provide adequate food, clothing and shelter (including exclusion from home or abandonment); protect a child from physical and emotional harm or danger; ensure adequate supervision (including the use of inadequate care-givers); or ensure access to appropriate medical care or treatment. It may also include neglect of, or unresponsiveness to, a child's basic emotional needs. Child neglect (also called psychological abuse) is commonly defined as a failure by a child's caretaker to meet a child's physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs. Forms of child neglect include: Allowing the child to witness violence or severe abuse between parents or adult, ignoring, insulting, or threatening the child with violence, not providing the child with a safe environment and adult emotional support, and showing reckless disregard for the child's well-being. Other definitions of child neglect are: * "a form of child abuse caused by the denial of basic requirements like correct nutrition, care, and love", per wiktionary. * "the failure of a person responsible for a child's care and upbringing to safeguard the child's emotional and physical health and general well-being" per Webster's New World Law Dictionary * "Acts of omission: failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm. () harm to a child may or may not be the intended consequence. Failure to provide (in ) physical neglect, emotional neglect, medical/dental neglect, educational neglect. The failure to supervise (in ) inadequate supervision, exposure to violent environments." per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention * "the persistent failure to meet a child's basic physical and/or psychological needs resulting in serious impairment of health and/or development".〔Turney, D & Tanner, K (2005). ''Understanding and Working with Neglect''. Research in Practice: Every Child Matters Research Briefings 10: .〕 Summary: The definition of child neglect is broad. There are no specific guidelines that determine when a child is being neglected; therefore, it is up to state government agencies and professional groups to determine what is considered neglect.〔Welch, Ginger, Heather Johnson, and Laura Wilhelm. "Neglected Child: How to Recognize, Respond, and Prevent". Beltsville, MD, USA: Gryphon House, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web.〕 In general, child neglect is considered the failure of parents or caregivers to meet the needs that are necessary for the mental, physical, and emotional development of a child.〔Polonko, Karen A. "Exploring assumptions about child neglect in relation to the broader field of child maltreatment". Journal of Health and Human Services Administration. Vol. 29 Issue 3, p260-284. 25p. Southern Public Administration Education Foundation〕 Child neglect is one of the most common forms of child maltreatment, and it continues to be a serious problem for many children. Child neglect tremendously affects the physical development, mental development, and emotional development of a child causing long term consequences, such as poor academic achievement, depression (mood), and character disorders. These consequences also impact society, since it is more likely that children who suffered from child neglect will have drug abuse problems and educational failure when they grow up. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Child neglect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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